The tennis players on the college team that I coach are always surprised to see that I am not afraid to take find ways of practicing, despite the cold and snow.

No. I am not so foolish as to believe that I can shovel a court and play a "safe" game of tennis. First, there exists the real possibility that I could slip and injure myself. The severe cold limits the bounce of the balls. They become almost instantly "dead." Finally, at my advanced age, the cold takes its toll fairly quickly.

But, there is one facet of my game that I usually can practice…my serve. Now, don’t get me wrong. I am not one who is going to shovel off three feet of snow on an outdoor court to practice my serve. But, every so often, I luck out and I can find a court that is fairly clear of any snow or ice. When I do, I do not hesitate to practice an extra 100 serves.

When practicing indoors during the winter months, I will always spend at least one full practice session per week working on nothing but my serve. Believe me--even with a discounted hourly rate, indoor time is not cheap. But serving well is just too important to neglect.

For those of you who are enjoying the heat of summer, I still cannot urge you enough to practice your serve! Why?

Well, the serve is the only stroke in the game that you get two attempts to get it right! Thus, it is not to my liking to double fault. Second, the serve is the only shot that you completely control. You are not hitting the ball off of a bounce and you are always in the right court position.

Most important, however, is the reality of tennis scoring. If you never lose your service, you cannot lose the match!!!

I have written a lot about service technique in my past articles. I encourage the reader to review all my past articles, which are available through the Turbo Tennis Archives:

• July 2004 Turbo Tennis: The Integrated Approach to the Second Serve
• December 2003 Turbo Tennis: The Integrated Approach to the Serve
• September 2002 Turbo Tennis: Serve Power and Consistency: It’s a Toss Up
• August 2001 Turbo Tennis: TURBOSTROKES: The Second Serve
• July 2001 Turbo Tennis: TURBOSTROKES: The First Serve

However, this month, I do not want to address the stroke techniques associated with the serve. Rather, I want to speak to the strategies and patterns associated with your serves. Of course, to take advantage of a service strategy, you need to have control over your serve placement, spin and pace.

Notice the order in which I have placed the above elements. The most important aspect of serving is being able to place the serve in one of several "spots" in each service box (deuce and ad). Spin is essential to develop… especially for second serves. Spinning your serves greatly increases the likelihood that the serve will land within the service box. The last, and, in some aspects, the least important component in a serve is its pace. Still, many of us strive to become the new Andy Roddick or Brenda Schultz. Few of us are this gifted.

Let’s discuss the way to practice serves. Because placement is most important, I am always serving at targets. My targets are either little pyramids made from old tennis balls, or more likely, I use empty tennis ball containers. I place them in three different spots in each of the two service boxes. Below, you will find four diagrams of the three serves that every player needs to have with respect to placement. Although I am right handed, I am sensitive to the needs of lefties. So, you will see that these diagrams are labeled for both right handed and left handed players. You can click on each diagram to get an enlarged version of each graphic in a new window.

The first thing to note in each of these diagrams is that there are wide, center and "T" serves. A player needs to be able to hit each of these…on both the deuce and the ad sides.

When practicing my serves, I place my "targets" in such positions that facilitate each of these three general serve placements.

Now, I should mention two things. First, place your targets deep in the service box but not on the service line. Why? Well the lines are boundaries, not targets. Any serve that lands deep in the box is a good and aggressive serve!!! But in reality, you need to provide yourself with a margin for error. After all, we are only human.

Second, you should not expect to actually hit these targets very often. If you hit the intended target 1 out of every 20 serves, you are doing very well. When I watch the pros train this way at tournaments that I photograph, I must tell you that their percentages are not much better.

However, having a physical target really helps to focus your toss, timing and mental focus…these are the three things that breakdown first when we are excessively nervous or losing.

Now when it comes to second serves, I try to follow the lead of the pros. I use the kick serve (one that has spin that makes it bounce higher than is normally the case and usually travels with a little side spin). I have played entire matches where the only serve that I have used is the kick serve…and I have won more of these matches than I have lost!!!

I am not a major advocate of the slice serve, but if this is your only spin serve, by all means use it!!! The slice serve works extremely well as a first serve on fast surfaces like grass and many indoor services. It can be a real liability on slow surfaces such as clay.

Out of 100 serves, I will make certain that 50 are directed at the deuce court and 50 at the ad court. However, I will only make about 20 of these 100 serves that are designed to be "heaters" (serves with pace). I only serve 10 serves to either side of the court before moving to serve to the other. Why? Well, in matches, we are changing sides every serve. I want to replicate this reality in my practice sessions.

So, that leads us to the concepts of strategy and pattern when serving. I wish there were a single set of tactics that would work with every player on every surface. Alas, this is just not the case. But, let me end this month’s column with some concepts that seem to work more often than not.

1. If you are going to hit the big, fast, first serve…make certain to send it down the "T." Why? Well, the net is lower in the center by six full inches. Most people who have a big serve err by hitting the net…as opposed to hitting long. In addition, most returns when the hit from a ball that has pace and lands near the "T" seem to be returned (if they are returned in court) to the center of server’s court. This isn’t always true, but if you watch it is more true than you might imagine. (Don’t try this test on an Agassi match…he is in another world!) Thus, it makes sense to practice most of your "heaters" down the "T," regardless of whether it is deuce or ad court.
2. The second best place to put a first serve is directly at the opponent. Most players refer to this as the jam serve. It is the most under utilized serve in tennis. A big serve with lots of pace works great when it is "targeted" at an opponent’s hip. The slice serve can be just as effective. Kick serves are usually not a good choice for the center serve. Why? Well usually, a decent opponent will run around and take the ball with her/his better wing. More often than not, the opponent can whack a winning return. Still, if your opponent has difficulty hitting high bouncing balls, the kick serve hit to the center of the service box is not always a bad choice.

3. If your opponent is using a full western grip for the forehand, hitting a first serve wide is a great choice. The big weakness with the full western grip is that it is not very effective when the opponent hits at full stretch. Hitting wide to the deuce court for the right handed opponent, and wide to the ad court for the left handed opponent may win you more points than you ever imagined possible. The great thing? These wide serves do not have to be hit with much pace to be effective. Just remember, this only works on the forehand wing and only when the opponent is using the western grip. If you use this a few times in a row with success, you will see your opponent reposition himself/herself to compensate. When this happens, throw the three quarter pace flat serve down the "T." Believe me. This will get your opponent frustrated, and may actually get you an ace.

4. Second serves should be deep, kick serves whenever possible. I always try to put this second serve to the backhand. This is especially true if the opponent is using a one handed backhand stroke. Two-handed players can sometimes tee off on a kick serve. If this is the case, you need to really place the kick in such a manner that it bounces wide and pulls the opponent way out of court. Reach is the major limitation of the two handed backhand. So, you need to take advantage of this weakness.

If you are repeatedly playing the same opponents, you can invariably develop a pattern of serving. I encourage tournament players to keep "record books" on opponents. You may find that some patterns are successful on one surface and devastating on another. Again, you need to be aware of who you are playing and where!

But, if you spend more time practicing your serve and follow the guidelines that I have listed above, I assure you that in a very short time, you will be not just serving…but serving with a strategy in mind. When your game reaches this level, you are well on your way to becoming a tennis overdog!